Nerve damage, also known as neuropathy, involves injury or dysfunction of one or more nerves, leading to a range of symptoms depending on which nerves are affected.
Types of Nerve Damage
Neuropathy can be classified based on the location and types of nerves affected:
Peripheral Neuropathy
- Affects nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
- Most common type of neuropathy
- Can affect sensory nerves, motor nerves, autonomic nerves, or a combination
- May cause numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the hands and feet
Focal Neuropathy
- Affects a single nerve or nerve group
- Often caused by pressure or trauma
- Examples include carpal tunnel syndrome, Bell’s palsy, and ulnar neuropathy
Autonomic Neuropathy
- Affects the nerves that control involuntary functions
- Can impact heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and bladder function
- May cause problems with sweating, digestion, and sexual function
Proximal Neuropathy
- Affects nerves in the thighs, hips, buttocks, or legs
- Often causes pain and weakness in the affected areas
- More common in older adults and people with diabetes
Common Causes of Nerve Damage
Neuropathy can result from various conditions and circumstances:
- Diabetes (diabetic neuropathy)
- Physical trauma or injury
- Autoimmune diseases (Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)
- Infections (shingles, Lyme disease, HIV)
- Chemotherapy and other medications
- Alcoholism and nutritional deficiencies
- Exposure to toxins
- Vascular disorders
- Hereditary disorders (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease)
- Tumors that press on nerves
Common Symptoms of Nerve Damage
Symptoms vary depending on the type and location of the affected nerves but may include:
- Pain (often described as burning, stabbing, or electric-shock-like)
- Numbness and tingling sensation
- Increased sensitivity to touch (allodynia)
- Muscle weakness or paralysis
- Lack of coordination
- Heat intolerance
- Digestive problems
- Changes in blood pressure
- Excessive or insufficient sweating
These symptoms can significantly impact quality of life, affecting sleep, mood, ability to work, and social interactions. Chronic neuropathic pain in particular can lead to anxiety, depression, and reduced physical activity, creating a cycle that further impairs overall health and wellbeing.